冷锋：量子计算热潮下的低温竞赛

As quantum computers get bigger, researchers scramble to chill hardware without rare helium-3 ZACK SAVITSKY, in Helsinki ONE MORNING in November 2025 here on the outskirts of Finland’s capital, David Gunnarsson slips off his winter coat and steps into a factory where the coldest temperatures in the universe are forged. Gunnarsson is the principal scientist for Bluefors, the world’s leading manufacturer of dilution refrigerators—researchers’ portal into the quantum world. All around him, dozens of machines, draped with pipes and wires like golden chandeliers, shuttle between workstations on an overhead conveyer belt. Inside each device, liquid helium chills stacks of copper plates to ever-colder tem- peratures. …