慢性疼痛的性别特异性机制

Archana Venkataraman1†, Élora Midavaine2†, Holly A. Ingraham1* For decades, we have known that women, especially younger women, are disproportionately affected by pain disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome, endometriosis, menstrual migraines, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, and neuropathic pain, all of which degrade quality of life. the adoption of sex as a biological variable in 2016 has begun to transform the field, revealing distinct sex-specific pathways that initiate, amplify, and resolve pain. In this review, we synthesize recent advances across visceral and somatic pain, highlighting the impact of sex hormones, immune-neural cross-talk, the gut microbiome, and endogenous analgesic circuits. …