表面脑刺激的浮现

Brain functional circuits can guide precision surface brain stimulation Jianxun Ren A pproximately 160 years ago, the Second Industrial Revo- lution transformed how humanity harnessed energy by extracting fossil fuels from deep beneath Earth’s surface. Today, as these resources dwindle and costs mount, the world is shifting toward sustainable energy sources gen- erated closer to the surface, such as solar and wind power. A similar transition is now unfolding in neuromodulation, from drilling into deep brain structures to directly engaging functional circuits acces- sible at the brain surface. neuromodulation ultimately acts by influencing functional circuits rather than isolated anatomical nodes (4), then understanding those circuits becomes essential for guiding effective stimulation. …