为美国创新奠定基础

The history of science and invention in the United States is punctuated not only by fundamental discoveries and technological breakthroughs, but also by policies and institutions that helped bring such advances to life. As the US marks 250 years of independence, Science invited experts to highlight key historical shifts in its policy and institutional landscape that transformed research. Much of what we recognize as the modern science and innovation system has deep roots in how US universities, industry, and government reconfigured their relationships to scientific research, and to each other. —Brad Wible UNIVERSITIES Johns Hopkins University and the American research enterprise The nation’s research universities have traced an indelible path through the American story Ronald J. …